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Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)
The Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392 was the second civil conflict between Jogaila, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas the Great. At issue was control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then the largest state in Europe. Jogaila had been crowned King of Poland in 1386; he installed his brother Skirgaila as ruler of Lithuania. Skirgaila proved unpopular and Vytautas attempted to depose him. When his first attempt to take the capital city of Vilnius failed, Vytautas forged an alliance with the Teutonic Knights, their common enemy – just as both cousins had done during the Lithuanian Civil War between 1381 and 1384. Vytautas and the Knights unsuccessfully besieged Vilnius in 1390. Over the next two years it became clear that neither side could achieve a quick victory, and Jogaila proposed a compromise: Vytautas would become Grand Duke and Jogaila would remain Superior Duke. This proposal was formalized in the Ostrów Agreement of 1392, and Vytautas turned against the Knights. He went on to reign as Grand Duke of Lithuania for 38 years, and the cousins remained at peace.
==Background==
The family of Gediminas created a state that covered the territories of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria, and parts of Poland and Russia. Gediminas died in 1341; afterwards his sons Algirdas and Kęstutis, the fathers of Jogaila and Vytautas, co-ruled the Grand Duchy peacefully. However, after Algirdas' death in 1377, Kęstutis, Jogaila, and Vytautas began struggling for power. During their first conflict, the Lithuanian Civil War between 1381 and 1384, Vytautas and Jogaila both struck short-lived alliances with the Teutonic Knights. Vytautas did not manage to seize the throne, and reconciled with Jogaila in 1384. Jogaila created a significant new alliance with the Polish Kingdom's leading noble clans when he secured an agreement to marry the twelve-year-old King of Poland Jadwiga of Poland, done in February 1386〔 and then he was crowned Jure uxoris king of Poland. As a precondition to the marriage, the detailed agreement between the parties known as Union of Krewo was signed in August 1385; amongst other conditions agreed to in this document the grand duke was to renounce paganism, become Christian, and Christianize his subjects, and establish a personal union between Poland and Lithuania, the largest state in Christian Europe. The Union was an unwelcome development for the Teutonic Knights, as it united Poland and Lithuania, two states hostile to the Order, and a Christianized Lithuania deprived the Knights of their ideological justification for warring on that state. Thus the Order sought opportunities to undo the Polish–Lithuanian union; they demanded Samogitia, a section of western Lithuania that bordered the Baltic Sea,〔 and refused to recognize Jogaila's baptism in 1386.
Vytautas became duke of Hrodna and Podlaskie; Jogaila known now by his Christian name Władysław II ( Władysław II Jagiełło) designated his brother Skirgaila regent in Lithuania.〔〔 Skirgaila, who also ruled Vytautas' patrimony in Trakai, was disliked by the Lithuanian nobility . Vytautas, on the other hand, became increasingly popular; Władysław II began to see him as a rival. Vytautas was supported by Lithuanians who resented the Polish interpretation of the recent Union of Krewo. These Lithuanians wished to maintain distinct legal structures and reserve official posts for Lithuanians.〔 The Lithuanian elites also resented the changes in government that king Władysław II implemented there.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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